Digest (Sept. 1975): Irving Kristol, "The Troublesome Intellectuals," Public Interest 2 (winter 1966): 3-6, On the Democratic Idea in America (1972), and Two Cheers for Capitalism (1978); Dorothy Rabinowitz, "The Radicalized Professor: A Portrait," Commentary 50 (July 1970): 62-64; Seymour Martin Lipset and Richard B. Dobson, "The Intellectual as Critic and Rebel," Daedalus 101 (summer 1972): 138-98; Norman Podhoretz, "The Intellectuals and the Pursuit of Happiness," Commentary 55 (Feb. I973): 7-8, and "The Adversary Culture," in B. Bruce-Briggs, ed., The New Class (1979); James Hitchcock, "The Intellectuals and the People," Commentary 55 (March 1973): 64-69; and David Lebedoff, The New Elite: The Death of Democracy (1981). Speculation about the new class also figures in Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (1960); The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (1973); The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976); and "The New Class: A Muddled Concept," Society 16 (Jan.‐ Feb. 1979): 15-23; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era (1969); Michael Novak, "Needing Niebuhr Again," Commentary 54 (Sept. 1972): 52-62; Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "Social Policy: From the Utilitarian Ethic to the Therapeutic Ethic," in Irving Kristol and Paul H. Weaver, eds., The Americans, 1976 (1976); Charles Murray, Losing Ground (1984); Peter L. Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice (1976); and Brigitte Berger and Peter L. Berger, The War over the Family (1983).

Waldo Frank, The Rediscovery of America (1930), and Dennis Hayes, Behind the Silicon Curtain (1989), contain material illustrating the addictive character of consumption. So does Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (1989)—the latest and in many ways the most plausible (but still seriously flawed) account of the new class to emerge from the left. See also Alvin Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and The Rise of the New Class (1979). For earlier views from the left, see André Gorz, Strategy for Labor (1967); Alain Touraine, Post-Industrial Society (1971); Claus Offe, "Political Authority and Class Structures: An Analysis of Late Capitalist Societies," International Journal ofSociology 2 (1972): 73-108; Claude Lefort, "What Is Bureaucracy?" Telos, no. 22 (winter 1975-76): 31-65; and Serge Mallet, Essays on the New Working Class (1975). Regis Debray, Teachers, Writers, Celebrities (1981), defies classification. Though written by a socialist, it offers pointed criticism of the intelligentsia, instead of the self-celebration usually found in work emanating from the left, the academic left in particular.

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